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In sand casting, shrinkage cavities and shrinkage porosity are the most common internal defects in castings. Shrinkage cavities typically manifest as irregular large cavities in thick areas or heat center zones of the casting, characterized by rough walls and dendritic crystals. Shrinkage porosity appears as fine dispersed pore clusters, predominantly occurring along casting axes or at thickness junctions. These defects severely compromise mechanical properties and airtightness, potentially leading to cracks and premature failure. As core processes in the casting workflow, mold design and core-making operations play a decisive role in preventing shrinkage porosity and cavities. This article systematically outlines effective measures to reduce their occurrence rates by focusing on critical aspects of mold-making procedures.

Castings, as an important component of modern manufacturing, are widely used in multiple fields such as automobiles, aerospace, construction, and machinery. It is not merely a process of transforming metals or other materials into specific shapes, but also a complex technology that integrates art and science. This article will delve deeply into the definition, process flow, application fields and future development trends of castings.

According to customs data, from January to October 2024, the total import and export volume of 20 HS codes of castings in my country was 5.172 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 12.31%, and the total import and export value was 157.5 trillion, a year-on-year increase of 6.92%; among them, exports accounted for the main part, with an export volume of 5.066 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 12.39%, and a total export value of US$14.19 billion, a year-on-year increase of 5.78%; the import volume was 106,000 tons, a year-on-year increase of 8.72%, and the total import value was US$1.56 billion, a year-on-year increase of 18.62%.